Big data report on construction contract disputes of construction projects

Introduction:
How can I get the project money back more than ten years ago?
The research on construction contract dispute cases tells you the answer!
Because of the long period and large investment, most of the construction contracts are hidden projects and strong professionalism, the legal relationship of the contracts is complicated, and once disputes arise, the construction owner often refuses to pay the project funds on the grounds of subject, quality and construction period, resulting in a huge amount of project funds being in arrears for many years due to the shirking of the construction owner, and it is impossible to recover the funds.
After repeated unsuccessful collection, when a lawsuit was brought to the court, the construction party refused to pay because the case had expired, resulting in the construction party still losing the right to win the lawsuit, which eventually led to the inability to recover the arrears. In view of this, the big data report will tell you how to collect the outstanding project payment accumulated for many years, how to take the leading position in the construction contract dispute litigation, win the lawsuit and recover the arrears for many years.
First, the construction contract related to the statute of limitations dispute data analysis
Big data report data source
Time: before January 30, 2019
Case source: case base
Cause of action: construction contract dispute of construction project
Type of document: judgment
The court held that it included: limitation of action
Number of cases: 12,980
Data collection time: January 30, 2019
Annual trend of case volume
This search has obtained 12,980 adjudicative documents of construction contract disputes before January 30, 2019. From the distribution of the above years, it can be seen that the number of cases of construction contract disputes under the current conditions is increasing year by year (the number of cases in 2018 is not fully disclosed). This trend is related to the prosperity of the construction market and real estate since 2012.
Geographical distribution of disputes
As of January 30, 2019, in terms of geographical distribution, the current construction contract dispute cases are mainly concentrated in Jiangsu Province (1,194 cases), Shandong Province (1,086 cases) and Guangdong Province (976 cases), accounting for 9%, 8% and 7% respectively. Among them, Jiangsu Province has the largest number of cases, reaching 1,194.
Distribution of industries
As of January 30, 2019, the current industry distribution of construction contract disputes in construction projects is mainly concentrated in construction industry (7,858 cases), real estate industry (495 cases), manufacturing industry (1,882 cases), wholesale and retail industry (1,184 cases) and leasing and business service industry (622 cases). Its proportions are construction (55.87%), real estate (17.77%) and manufacturing (13.4%).
Program classification
As of January 30, 2019, the current distribution of trial procedures under construction contract disputes. There were 7,079 cases of first instance (54.54%), 5,728 cases of second instance (44.13%) and 149 cases of retrial (1.15%).
It can be inferred that the appeal rate of first instance is about 81%. It can be seen that most of the parties in construction contract cases choose to appeal after losing the case.
Referee result
Judgment result of first instance
Through the visual analysis of the results of the first-instance judgment, it can be seen that there are 5,265 cases fully/partially supported under the current conditions, accounting for 80%; 1,021 cases were all rejected, accounting for 16%; There are 267 others, accounting for 4%. From this point of view, most construction contract disputes are won by the plaintiff, and the proportion of all rejected is not high.
Judgment result of second instance
Through the visual analysis of the results of the second-instance judgment, we can see that there are 3,966 cases that uphold the original judgment under the current conditions, accounting for 74%; 1,323 cases were changed, accounting for 25%; There are 59 others, accounting for 1%. The rate of revision in the second instance is more than a quarter, and the proportion of cases revised is higher than other cases with cause of action.
Visualization of target amount
Through the visual analysis of the bid amount, we can see that the number of cases with the bid amount less than 500,000 yuan is the largest, with 6,677 cases, 2,695 cases with a bid amount of 1 million to 5 million yuan, 1,785 cases with a bid amount of 500,000 to 1 million yuan, 572 cases with a bid amount of 5 million to 10 million yuan, and 308 cases with a bid amount of 10 million to 20 million yuan. The amount of bid for construction contract disputes is mainly between 500,000 yuan and 5 million yuan, and the amount of bid is relatively large.
Visualization of trial period
Through the visual analysis of the trial period, we can see that the trial time under the current conditions is more in the range of 31-90 days, with an average time of 161 days. It reflects that the construction contract of construction project has the characteristics of long period and complicated case involved, and the trial limit is longer than that of ordinary cases.
Second, the construction contract dispute statute of limitations case analysis
In the construction project contract disputes, in the process of demanding the project payment, the construction party mostly refuses to pay the project arrears on the grounds that the payment has been in arrears for many years and the case has passed the statute of limitations. Therefore, the calculation period of the limitation of action is introduced in detail:
1. If the payment term is stipulated in the contract, the limitation period of action shall be counted from the time when you know or should know that your rights have been infringed.
Article 137 of the General Principles of the Civil Law stipulates that "the limitation period of action shall be counted from the time when you know or should know that your rights have been infringed". The construction contract shall determine the payment time according to the contents agreed in the contract. If the debtor fails to perform the payment obligation at the expiration of the payment period agreed in the contract, the limitation of action shall be calculated at this time.
2. If the contract does not stipulate the time limit for payment, the limitation period of action shall be counted from the date when the debtor clearly expresses his failure to perform his obligations.
The limitation period of action shall be counted from the date when the grace period for the creditor to ask the debtor to perform his obligations expires, but if the debtor explicitly stated that he would not perform his obligations when the creditor claimed his rights for the first time, the limitation period of action shall be counted from the date when the debtor explicitly stated that he would not perform his obligations. If the payment period is not stipulated in the construction contract, the limitation of action shall be calculated from the date when the debtor refuses to repay the loan for the first time.
3. If the project general contracting contract stipulates that the payment shall be made in installments according to the advance payment, progress payment, completion payment and quality guarantee payment, then the limitation of action for each installment of the project payment shall start from the expiration of the last payment.
If the payments made in several stages are the same contract payment, it can be counted from the date when the last payment expires. If the nature of the payment in each stage is different, such as the design fee, equipment fee, project payment, etc., it should be time-limited separately.
In addition, from a practical point of view, if the contract payment for the project has not reached the settlement conditions agreed in the contract, even if it has been paid in stages before, it has exceeded the limitation, and many times the court has not determined it as not exceeding the limitation of action.
4. If the parties have no agreement on the time of payment or the agreement is unclear, the following time shall be regarded as the time of payment.
According to Article 18 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on Applicable Legal Issues in the Trial of Construction Contract Dispute Cases, "interest shall be paid from the date when the project price is payable. If the parties have no agreement on the time of payment or the agreement is unclear, the following time shall be regarded as the time of payment:
(1) If the construction project has been actually delivered, the date of delivery;
(2) If the construction project is not delivered, the date of submission of the completion settlement documents;
(three) the construction project has not been delivered, and the project price has not been settled, which is the date when the parties bring a lawsuit. "
5. If the construction contract is declared invalid, the limitation of action shall be calculated from the date when the contract is confirmed invalid.
The invalidity of a contract is invalid from the beginning. After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the provisions on the limitation of action shall apply to the requests of the parties for returning property and compensating losses. The basis of claim after the contract is invalid is not based on the contract, so it cannot be calculated from the date of expiration of the original contract. The claim of the parties to return the property and compensate the losses based on the invalidity of the contract is the legal consequence after the contract is confirmed to be invalid. Only after the contract is confirmed to be invalid can the claim of unjust enrichment caused by the invalidity of the contract be established.
6. In the absence of other payment conditions, if the amount of creditor’s rights and debts is unknown, the limitation of action has not started.
The project payment has not been settled, there is no clear amount of creditor’s rights, and the relationship between creditor’s rights and debts has not been finally confirmed, so the limitation of action has not yet begun to be calculated.
7. If the debtor partially performs the debt with the expiration of the limitation of action, the limitation of action cannot be recalculated for the rest.
Although the Supreme People’s Court confirmed in [(2017) Supreme People’s Republic of China No.63 Chengdu Panda Universal Mall Co., Ltd. and Hong Kong DCA Qiwucheng Architects Co., Ltd. Re-trial of the construction project design contract dispute [(2017) Supreme People’s Republic of China No.63], after the limitation of action expires, the creditor’s rights will be converted into natural debts. The debtor’s partial repayment of the creditor’s rights whose limitation of action has expired cannot restore or revive the remaining limitation of action. However, courts at all levels also have different views on this issue. Some courts believe that the debtor partially pays off the creditor’s rights when the limitation of action expires, resulting in the legal consequences of the interruption of the limitation of action.
8. beyond the limitation of action, the creditor and the debtor reached a new repayment agreement, and the limitation of action started again.
The repayment agreement reached by both parties on the original debt beyond the limitation of action belongs to a new creditor-debtor relationship, which should be protected by law, that is, it can achieve the purpose of saving the interruption of the limitation of action and recalculating the limitation of action.
9. The confirmation letter of the enterprise has the meaning of debt collection to constitute the interruption of the limitation of action.
If the creditor sends an inquiry letter to the debtor within the limitation period, the debtor will confirm the amount of debt in the inquiry letter and affix its official seal, which can usually be used as the basis for interrupting the limitation period.
If the limitation of action has expired, the creditor sends an inquiry letter to the debtor. If the contents of the inquiry letter indicate the intention of collection, it can be regarded as a reminder letter. If the debtor signs and seals this kind of inquiry letter to confirm it, it will be regarded as a reaffirmation of the original debt, and the limitation of action can be recalculated.
10. The quality guarantee is special and should be treated separately, and the limitation of action should be calculated separately.
The nature of the quality guarantee money has been controversial in practice. One view is that it should be part of the project payment. According to this view, it can be considered that all the arrears of the project will be counted from the expiration of the quality guarantee money. However, another view is that the quality guarantee fund and the project payment are not exactly the same in nature and have their own particularity. The quality guarantee fund should be treated separately and the limitation of action should be calculated separately. In practice, most of the viewpoints are to calculate the limitation of action separately from the quality guarantee fund and the project payment.
Iii. Distribution of Burden of Proof for Interruption of Limitation of Action in Construction Contracts
The General Principles of Civil Law and the Supreme People’s Court’s Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Implementation of the General Principles of Civil Law in People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Trial) mainly stipulate the length, calculation, suspension, interruption and extension of the limitation period of action from the perspective of substantive law, and do not clearly stipulate which party should bear the burden of proof in various situations. The general practice of many courts is that if the defendant has filed a lawsuit against the plaintiff for more than the legal protection period, the plaintiff is required to pay attention to the fact that it has not exceeded the legal protection period.
However, some courts believe that the limitation of action should be put forward by the defender. For example, the Beijing Miyun District People’s Court made a judgment (2016) No.7689 at the beginning of the Republic of China on December 8, 2016, which stated: "The village committee of Tixiazhuang does not recognize the construction facts of Li Lianzhong and the opinion that Li Lianzhong’s prosecution has exceeded the limitation of action. Because it failed to provide corresponding evidence, the court will not accept it."
In litigation, if the defendant claims the defense of limitation, he must prove the facts on which this defense is based, that is, he must prove the facts of the beginning and expiration of the limitation period, including the claim of the end of the interruption of limitation. When there is a dispute between the two parties over when the limitation period of action begins and whether it expires, and it is difficult for the court to accurately determine it in the end, the party who puts forward the limitation defense (that is, the defendant) shall bear the adverse legal consequences.
Fourth, how to interrupt the limitation of action
In order to avoid the statute of limitations of the case, so as to win the lawsuit and take the initiative in the future litigation process, the following methods can be adopted to achieve the purpose of interrupting the statute of limitations:
1. Send a written dunning letter directly to the debtor, and the other party signs and seals the dunning letter to prove that it has been received.
2. Call for dunning, but keep the recorded evidence.
3. Send it by EMS, keep the mailing list and the express delivery receipt of the postal company, and prove that the letter has been properly delivered.
4. E-mail delivery is also a legally recognized way, but there must be evidence to prove the ownership relationship between the mailbox and the recipient.
5. Find a witness to testify that the payment has been urged, and notarization can be carried out when necessary.
6. Proof of partial repayment by the other party within the limitation of action. (But prove that it is the debt that is repaid)
7. Prosecution or arbitration. (Withdrawing the lawsuit after prosecution does not affect the effectiveness of interrupting the statute of limitations)
8. During the period of limitation of action, reach an agreement on debt performance, such as a new repayment agreement, a guarantee agreement, etc., or the debtor is invited to confirm the debt, the debtor requests to postpone performance, and the debtor submits a debt repayment plan, etc.
9. During the limitation period, the confirmation letter of the enterprise shall be confirmed by the signatures and seals of both parties.
V. Remedies beyond the limitation of action
If the case has passed the limitation of action, as the contractor, the following methods can be adopted to achieve the purpose of interrupting the limitation of action and recalculating the limitation of action:
1. The debtor reconfirms the debt.
According to the judicial interpretation of the Supreme Court, if the debtor reconfirms the debt beyond the limitation period, the debt after reconfirmation is still protected by law. The specific measures are: send a dunning letter (or an enterprise confirmation letter with dunning intention), which shall be signed or sealed by the debtor for confirmation.
2. Replace "old debt" with "new debt"
Although the limitation of action has exceeded, the creditor and the debtor have reached a new repayment agreement on the debt (such as renegotiating the payment term, debt performance method, discount payment, etc.) and signed a new repayment agreement, that is, the new debt is determined through a new contract, and the limitation of action is recalculated.
(debt network)
Reporting/feedback

Yang Mi Tang Yan Ma Su star issued a statement that it was him!

Star pop statement

1905 movie network news  Seeing that the Spring Festival is approaching, the circle of friends is full of various ticketing links. The entertainment circle has never stopped, with stars or studios making statements every three days and frequently making headlines in hot search. However, after reading these statements, Xiaobian really wants to say, are you sure this is a statement, not widely publicized?

On January 15th, yang mi studio issued a statement. If it weren’t for this statement, who knew that there was such a netizen named Liu Kongqing who wrote articles such as "International Power Wars Gum" and "Tang Yan-Yang Mi Battle", describing Yang Mi and Tang Yan as plastic sisters. As a result, how many people want to search for articles to get a glimpse of it. (See for details)

Yang mi studio statement

Actually, Tang Yan, who is "not a plastic sister flower" with Yang Mi, also made a statement two days ago, but now the limelight is completely overshadowed by Yang Mi, who is "not a plastic sister flower" with her. On January 13th, Tang Yan’s studio issued a statement, aiming at Huang Yiqing’s suggestion that Masu took the two-character actress to "do her hair". But if it weren’t for this statement, we really didn’t associate this two-character actress with Miss Tang Yan. (See for details)

Tang Yan studio statement


One step earlier than Miss Tang Yan, it is necessary to count "I didn’t bring her to do my hair.""Masu. On January 12th, Masu Studio issued a statement saying that it would sue Huang Yiqing for "libel". Therefore, before Huang Yiqing broke the news that Masu had cheated on her many times, fell in love with Daxun Wei, and often introduced the actress to "do her hair", which became well known. Support Masu to take legal measures, and don’t drop the lawsuit halfway! (See for details)

Masu studio statement

And even earlier than Masu is ZhangJike, who "has never done hair with her". In response to Huang Yiqing’s statement that athletes named Z had "done their hair" with Masu, on January 11th, ZhangJike Studio clarified that they were just "normal friends". As soon as this statement was issued, Huang Yiqing, who was originally called "Crystal’s ex-husband", was immediately upgraded to "the new entertainment circle discipline inspection commission", and his fans and popularity soared. (See for details)

ZhangJike studio statement

And the "initiator" of all this can be traced back to PGONE, the protagonist of the first entertainment news in the New Year. On January 5th, PGONE Studio issued a statement, saying that "the network rumored that PGONE junior high school students broke the news, which involved the act of raping a minor and making her pregnant and abandoning it", declaring it as "nothing, empty talk and rumors".Netizens have said that "PGONE Studio is crazy" and "I actually came up with such a trick in order to transfer the topic of derailment".(See for details)

PGONE studio statement

All in all, in a word, no one may have known about these messy news, but now when you make a statement, the whole world knows it. Are you sure that you are not making a statement to publicize it, or to discredit yourself? All right, as long as you’re happy.

Nine departments, including the Supreme Law, jointly punished the untrustworthy executors in the bidding field.

  CCTV News:The Supreme People’s Court, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of Commerce, the State Railway Administration, and the Civil Aviation Administration of China today (22nd) publicly signed the Notice on Joint Punishment of People Who Have Broken their Trust in Bidding Activities, and jointly punished people who have broken their trust in bidding activities, accelerated the construction of social credit system, and established and improved the inter-departmental joint punishment mechanism for breaking their trust.

  According to the Notice, in the bidding activities, the bidders, bidding agencies, bid evaluation experts and bidding practitioners who have been declared by the Supreme People’s Court as untrustworthy enforcers will be restricted, retired or dealt with. Meng Xiang, director of the Executive Board of the Supreme People’s Court, introduced that the Supreme People’s Court pushed the information such as the name of the person subject to breach of trust, the performance of legal obligations and the situation of breach of trust to the national credit information sharing platform and the "Credit China" website, and the tenderee, tendering agency and relevant administrative supervision departments made inquiries through the "Credit China" website or credit information sharing platforms at all levels.

  Below, I understand the relevant situation of the Notice from four aspects.

  I. Background of Issuing the Notice

  (A) The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to the construction of social integrity.

  The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the 3rd, 4th and 5th Plenary Sessions of the 18th Central Committee all put forward specific requirements for the construction of social integrity, pointing out that it is necessary to improve the disciplinary mechanism for illegal and untrustworthy behaviors, praise integrity and punish dishonesty. The Outline of Social Credit System Construction Planning (2014-2020) issued by the State Council in June, 2014 takes the construction of trustworthiness incentive and dishonesty punishment mechanism as one of the three basic measures for the construction of social credit system. The State Council appointed the National Development and Reform Commission and the People’s Bank of China to take the lead in establishing the inter-ministerial joint meeting system of social credit system. All units are required to communicate with each other in a timely manner, coordinate different opinions, promote the implementation of the work mechanism of encouraging trustworthiness and punishing dishonesty, and accelerate the construction of the social credit system.

  (B) The people’s courts urgently need to build a joint disciplinary mechanism to solve the enforcement difficulties.

  For a long time, the problem of "difficult enforcement" of people’s courts has been highly concerned by the society and strongly reflected by the people. In recent years, the number of new cases received by national courts has increased year by year. By August 2016, there were more than 3.4 million new cases, up 27.84% year-on-year. In the past execution cases, more than 60% debtors with property cases did not take the initiative to perform, and there were also a large number of phenomena such as violent confrontation and malicious evasion of execution. Faced with this complicated situation, it is far from enough to rely on the strength of the people’s courts alone. All departments must unite, increase the intensity of credit punishment, establish a joint credit punishment mechanism, and promote the construction of social credit system. Only in this way can the fundamental solution be achieved. The lack of honesty and credit and the imperfect social credit system have become the deep-seated reasons for the difficulty in implementation. In 2010, 19 central ministries and commissions issued the Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Establishment and Improvement of the Implementation Linkage Mechanism, which clearly stated that a new pattern of implementation work should be formed under the leadership of the Party Committee, supervision by the National People’s Congress, government support, and cooperation from all walks of life, and a long-term mechanism to solve the implementation difficulties should be established and improved.

  (C) Joint punishment of the person who has been executed for dishonesty has a good foundation.

  In 2013, the Supreme People’s Court issued the "Several Provisions on Publishing the Information of the List of Persons Executed in Breach of Trust", and established a joint disciplinary system for those executed in breach of trust. With eight departments such as the Central Civilization Office and 44 ministries and commissions such as the National Development and Reform Commission and the Finance Bureau, a multi-sectoral, multi-industry and multi-means joint disciplinary network has been formed by restricting flying, high-speed rail, loans, bidding and government procurement. By the end of August this year, the Supreme People’s Court has released 4.992 million cases of information on the list of people who have been executed for dishonesty to the public. It has achieved good legal and social effects, laying a good foundation for further expanding joint disciplinary measures and limiting the bidding activities of people who have lost their trust.

  II. Main contents of the Notice

  The "Notice" further implements the contents of the "Memorandum" on jointly restricting the untrustworthy executors and standardizing the bidding activities in the field of bidding and tendering, which is divided into five parts.

  The first part is the importance. It is an important measure to improve the joint punishment mechanism of dishonesty in bidding and tendering and to promote the construction of social credit system to carry out joint punishment on those who have lost their trust in bidding and tendering activities. It is conducive to standardizing the behavior of the parties involved in bidding activities, promoting the healthy and orderly development of the bidding market, improving the credit mechanism of "one place is broken and everywhere is limited", and forming a good atmosphere of respecting the judiciary and being honest and trustworthy in the whole society.

  The second part is the object of joint punishment. That is, the bidders, bidding agencies, bid evaluation experts and bidding practitioners who were announced by the Supreme People’s Court as untrustworthy executors in the bidding activities.

  The third part is the content and method of inquiry. The Supreme People’s Court pushed the information such as the name of the person subject to dishonesty, the performance of legal obligations and the situation of dishonesty to the national credit information sharing platform and the "Credit China" website, while the tenderee, tendering agency and relevant administrative supervision departments made inquiries through the "Credit China" website or credit information sharing platforms at all levels.

  The fourth part is the joint disciplinary measures. This part is the core content of the Notice, which puts forward four disciplinary measures. First, it restricts the bidding activities of those who have broken their promises. For construction projects that must be subject to tender according to law, the tenderee will clearly stipulate the bid evaluation criteria in the tender announcement and other tender documents, and restrict those who have broken their promises in the bid evaluation stage. For two or more natural persons, legal persons or other organizations to form a consortium and participate in bidding activities together as a bidder, all members of the consortium shall be inquired, and once one or more members of the consortium belong to the person who has been executed for dishonesty, the consortium shall be restricted as a whole; The second is to limit the bidding agency activities of those who have lost their trust. When the tenderee entrusts a bidding agency to carry out bidding, it will give priority to the bidding agency with no record of dishonesty, so as to promote the bidding activities to be more standardized and efficient; The third is to limit the bid evaluation activities of those who are untrustworthy. The notice made it clear that the relevant units shall not employ the untrustworthy executors as bid evaluation experts, and the bid evaluation experts who become untrustworthy executors during the employment period will be retired in time; The fourth is to limit the bidding activities of those who are untrustworthy. The tenderee and the tendering agency will restrict the person who has been executed in breach of trust when they employ the tendering practitioners, and deal with the tender followers who have become the person who has been executed in breach of trust during their employment.

  The last part is the job requirements, which mainly includes joint punishment by all units, establishing credit records of dishonesty and making them public, properly keeping the information of the untrustworthy executors, and not revealing business secrets and personal privacy.

  The Notice has four main features. First, the disciplinary department is complete. The participating departments are key departments in the bidding field, including the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Water Resources, the Ministry of Commerce, the State Railway Administration and the Civil Aviation Administration. Second, the punishment is strong. On the basis of sharing credit information, one department has punished the untrustworthy parties in one field, but now it has become a joint punishment by multiple departments in the same field. Third, the scope of influence is wide. It involves a number of key areas such as pre-qualification of bidders, qualification examination of bidding agencies, employment and retreat of bid evaluation experts, and restrictions on bidding practice. The fourth is two-way joint punishment. The implementation of various disciplinary measures in the Notice requires the Supreme People’s Court to cooperate closely with relevant departments to jointly implement disciplinary measures.

  Third, the Supreme People’s Court’s work in information sharing and joint punishment for dishonesty

  The Supreme People’s Court conscientiously implemented the requirements of strengthening the construction of social integrity put forward by the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the 3rd, 4th and 5th Plenary Sessions of the 18th Central Committee, took the list system of people who broke their promises as the carrier and the inter-ministerial joint meeting of the national social credit system as the platform, actively participated in the construction of the "Credit China" website and the national credit information sharing platform led by the national development and reform, and actively pushed the information of the list of people who broke their promises to relevant departments and cooperative units. Strengthen the construction of the implementation linkage mechanism, and form a joint force to punish those who have lost their trust.

  (a) linkage with the railway and civil aviation departments. On June 18th, 2014 and July 1st, 2014, China Railway Corporation and China Civil Aviation Information Network Co., Ltd. were officially launched to restrict the enforced person who broke his promise from buying train soft sleeper tickets and plane tickets. Starting from 0: 00 on August 25, 2015, China Railway Corporation increased restrictions on taking first-class seats on high-speed trains and other bullet trains. As of August 31, 2016, a total of 1.55 million people were restricted from taking the train; 4.705 million person-times by air.

  (2) Linkage with the Credit Information Center of the People’s Bank of China. The Credit Information Center of the People’s Bank of China clearly incorporated the information of the list of people who have broken their promises into the relevant work procedures of the credit information system. When making credit reports of enterprises and individuals, it integrated the information of the list of people who have broken their promises into the credit files of people who have been executed, and provided it to financial institutions and other units in the form of credit reports.

  (3) Linkage with China Banking Regulatory Commission and banking financial institutions. Cooperate with China Banking Regulatory Commission to carry out online inspection, control and credit punishment, and restrict those who have broken their promises from lending or handling credit cards in financial institutions across the country. Since 2013, the Supreme People’s Court has signed memorandums of cooperation with 21 national banking financial institutions on network enforcement and information sharing respectively, and strictly examined the important business applications of the untrustworthy executors in banks and took corresponding control and restriction measures.

  (4) Linkage with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce restricts the person subject to breach of trust from being the legal representative, director, supervisor and senior manager of any company nationwide. As of August 31 this year, the national industrial and commercial and market supervision departments have limited the number of people who have been untrustworthy to serve as executives of various enterprises to more than 66,000.

  (5) Linkage with Internet e-commerce. Cooperate with Internet e-commerce companies such as Taobao and JD.COM, incorporate the list information of untrustworthy executors into the credit evaluation system as an important evaluation index, and use information technology to expand the influence of untrustworthy data. Restrict the high consumption behavior of the untrustworthy executor on the Internet.

  In addition, the Supreme People’s Court has also cooperated with the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Transport, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the National Citizen ID Number Enquiry Center of the Ministry of Public Security, the National Organization Code Management Center, China UnionPay, the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, the China Small and Medium Enterprises Association, People’s Daily Online, Baidu, Tencent, etc., and jointly punished those who have broken their promises in related fields, which has effectively promoted the construction of the social credit system.

  Four, the implementation of the "notice" of the main plan

  The life of the law lies in its implementation, and the significance of signing the Notice lies in its implementation. The implementation of the disciplinary measures in this Notice depends on the signatory units taking the information of the list of people who have broken their trust as an important reference in their respective regulatory fields and giving credit punishment in bidding. The Supreme People’s Court will further improve the following work: First, it will complete the revision of the "Several Provisions on Publishing the Information of the List of Executed Persons with Dishonesty" promulgated in 2013, and put forward clear requirements for courts at all levels to ensure that the information of the list of executed persons with dishonesty is included accurately, completely and timely; Second, timely provide the list information and updated information of untrustworthy executors to the national credit information sharing platform and the "Credit China" website to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of the list information; The third is to actively cooperate with the countersigning units to carry out joint punishment for dishonesty and do a good job in service.

  Comrades, friends from the press, the Notice on Joint Punishment of People Being Executed for Breaking Faith in Bidding Activities, as an important document for credit punishment of people being executed for breaking faith, was officially released to the public today. The drafting and distribution of the Notice received strong support from the central authorities and relevant departments of the State Council. The National Development and Reform Commission has done a lot of coordination work. In the process of soliciting opinions, the relevant departments put forward a number of suggestions to enrich and improve the opinions, which greatly enriched the contents of the Notice.

  The friends in the press here have been paying attention to the work of the people’s court to punish those who have lost their trust, and have carried out extensive publicity and reports, especially paying great attention to the drafting and distribution of the Notice. Here, on behalf of the Executive Board of the Supreme People’s Court, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks and high respect to the National Development and Reform Commission, leaders and comrades of various departments involved in countersigning, and friends in the press! I hope that everyone will continue to support the implementation of the Notice in the future and care about and pay attention to the implementation of the people’s courts.

"Catch the doll" broke the 1.8 billion Shen Teng roadshow and responded to the hot search "controversy"

1905 movie network news On July 24th, the film lead starred in the airborne Yinchuan Cinema, watched the film with the live audience, and enthusiastically exchanged interesting things behind the scenes with everyone and shared the feelings of watching movies. Since the film was released, the box office reputation has been double bumper, and the cumulative box office has exceeded 1.8 billion yuan so far.


At the scene of Yinchuan Road Show, Shen Tengliang warmly greeted the audience and expressed his gratitude: "Thank you for spending two hours watching this movie with me. There is still a long way to go in Catch a Doll. Thank you very much for your love and support." In the interaction with the audience, Shen Teng shared an impressive line in the film, "Will you come home for dinner at night?", and said that this was the most touching sentence for him, not only because of the ingenuity of the director and screenwriter, but also the most intimate way for father and son to express their love.


The audience in Yinchuan was very enthusiastic, and some fans gave a pair of brand-new old Beijing cloth shoes to Shen Teng, and said: "Although Ma Chenggang lost his sole in the film, he brought happiness to everyone. Today, I got Ma Chenggang’s lost sole back, and brought you a pair of special wear-resistant old Beijing cloth shoes. I hope it can accompany the old horse family all the time. " In addition, producer Ma Chi also came to the scene to express his gratitude to all the audience who supported the film, and promised college students fans to realize their wish of internship in Xihong City.


At the interactive scene, when some viewers mentioned the topic that Ma Chenggang and Chunlan were the biggest villains in the film "Catching Dolls", Shen Teng seriously responded: "It is not unreasonable for everyone to think so. For example, Ma Chenggang’s behavior of smearing anesthetic on his son’s feet in the film is somewhat’ blackened’. You can criticize their inappropriate behavior as parents, but their love for George Macartney British consul as parents is recognized." The audience also said: "In the movie, Ma Chenggang seems to want to control George Macartney British consul’s life, but he actually expresses his love for his son in a clumsy way. Parents have paid their youth and hard work while cultivating us. As children, we should learn to understand our parents slowly. "


Although different people have different feelings after watching the film, they are happy in the end. Some viewers incarnate the king of stalks and express their love for the film in the form of playing stalks: "After watching the movie, I searched every corner of the house and couldn’t find the basement"; However, after watching the film, some viewers were particularly concerned and sincerely said: "There are so many people in the world who speak for our generation, so we are very happy to be ourselves freely."


Positive solution of AI big model: general VS vertical?

Our reporter Qin Xiao reports from Beijing.

As an important project of global science and technology development, artificial intelligence is also an important strategic pilot opportunity for China. With the commercial application of technologies such as large models, all countries in the world are incubating and gestating all kinds of general industrial large models.

However, compared with the previous rush into the general big model, how to develop a vertical model for industry segmentation based on the big model has attracted more attention. At present, many vertical models can be seen to be applied in financial, medical and trading scenarios.

Many people in the industry said in an interview with the reporter of China Business News that there will not be many pedestal models in the future due to the challenges such as high computing power demand, high training and reasoning costs, and poor data quality. Compared with the general large model, the vertical large model, as a brand-new productivity, will inevitably achieve cost reduction and efficiency improvement of enterprises with the continuous breakthrough of its bottom-level capabilities, which will bring iteration and reform of upper-level applications.

Multi-modal large model competition

The Research Report on the Map of China Artificial Intelligence Model released at Zhongguancun Forum 2023 shows that at present, the artificial intelligence model in China is developing vigorously. According to incomplete statistics, up to now, 79 large-scale models with parameters above 1 billion have been released nationwide. "Producers" include Internet giants, AI concept listed companies, leading server enterprises, research institutes and primary market startups.

However, looking at the big models in China, most of them focus on the language model.

Wang Jinqiao, executive deputy director of "Zidong Taichu" Large Model Research Center of Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and president of Wuhan Institute of Artificial Intelligence, told reporters, "ChatGPT and domestic large models basically focus on language models. We know that 70% of the world’s data depends on vision, 10% on touch, and others rely on hearing and other information. To achieve low-power and more human-like intelligence, we must integrate multimodal information."

Not only that, high cost and high threshold also restrict the landing of large models in commercial scenes. The parameters of Baidu’s ERNIE Bot model are above 200 billion, JD.COM’s Yanxi model is above 100 billion, Tencent’s mixed model and Huawei’s Pangu model are above trillion, and ali tong’s Yiqianwen model is above 10 trillion.

Wang Jinqiao said: "In the future, there won’t be many large base models, because the cost of large base models is high and the technical threshold is high, and the training of large base models basically costs about 10 million yuan of electricity, so not all the work can be undertaken. Many large domestic models still focus on vertical industry solutions. The models are not large, but they have some core data of industries and production data of business systems, so they have certain advantages in some industries. I believe that in the future, the models of’ base model+vertical class’ will be integrated. "

Zeng Dajun, deputy director of the Institute of Automation, China Academy of Sciences, said: "The challenge of computing power and energy consumption of the existing large models will prompt a lot of work to develop in the direction of domain specialization and lightweight, especially in the fields of finance, education, medical care and transportation. A lot of work is trying to reduce the cost of large models."

Liu Chen, founder and CEO of Lingdi Technology Style3D, also believes that it is not necessary for every industry to make a big model. For some enterprises, the cost of training basic models is very high, which is unrealistic for many enterprises. In the future, big models are often dominated by giants, and enterprises can use them directly, but industry models must be trained. In the future, big models will become the infrastructure of the whole society, and industry models will become the infrastructure of the industry.

In fact, some companies have realized this problem. After the initial iterative upgrade, Baidu, Ali, Huawei and other companies explored specific industry applications from the initial large model development.

For example, Zidong Taichu 2.0, a full-modal large model put forward by the Institute of Automation of China Academy of Sciences based on Shengsi, is positioned as a pedestal model with world knowledge, and its application demonstration is carried out in the four fields of smart cars, smart medical care, smart manufacturing and digital government affairs through industrial consortia and expert data.

Build an AI ecosystem together

Whether it is based on natural language processing, machine vision, deep learning, reinforcement learning, or vertical industry model, it is not a "toy" for Internet manufacturers, nor is it a project that can be completed behind closed doors.

OpenAI, which entered the spotlight because of the research and development of ChatGPT, is also controversial because of closed source. As one of the founders of OpenAI, Musk recently bombarded on social media: "OpenAI was originally created as an open source non-profit company to compete with Google, but now it has become a closed-source for-profit company, controlled by Microsoft … This is not my intention at all."

Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, said that there will be more open source in the future, but there is no specific model and timetable.

"Although the current big model competition is fierce, neither OpenAI nor Google has a moat, because’ open source’ is rising in the field of AI big models." In a document leaked by Google, Google internal researchers believe that the open source model may lead the future development of the big model. This document mentions that "the open source model is faster in iteration, more customizable and more private, and when the free and unrestricted substitutes are of the same quality, people will not pay for the restricted model".

Huang Tiejun, president of Zhiyuan Research Institute, said: "It is difficult for large model industries to form a monopoly, and it is necessary to build a closed-loop industry. In the long run, the big model is just a label, not a product or a company’s tool, so it is inevitable that the whole big model will be open source and open ecology. "

In China, the development of most artificial intelligence models adheres to open source innovation and ecological guidance. At present, more than half of the large models published in China have achieved open source. The Research Report of China Artificial Intelligence Large Model Map shows that Beijing, Guangdong and Shanghai rank in the top three in terms of open source quantity and influence. Universities and scientific research institutions are the main sources of open source. chatglm-6b of Tsinghua University, moss of Fudan University and Wenxin series of large models of Baidu rank among the top three in terms of open source influence.

Ding Cheng, chairman of the open source community of MindSpore, Shengsi, told reporters: "From the perspective of the open source community, we very much hope that the big model ecology can be integrated. In the process of large-scale model training, data is a very core asset. Each large-scale model training can contribute relevant data for open source sharing, and it can gather the power of the whole industry to achieve a better big model for China or all mankind. For the core assets of the algorithm, at present, it is true that each family has its own core weapon. If we are more open and share this thing in an open source way, we can exchange technical needs and realize a better big model for the whole industry. "

In Wang Jinqiao’s view, the industry thinks that ChatGPT represents the iPhone moment of artificial intelligence, and it can be seen that the iPhone’s ecology is closed and Android is open source, but now the code, model and parameters of OpenAI are not open, and no patents are applied. This year, a lot of open source and open models have emerged rapidly. "There are so many models in China, which depends on the contribution of the collective wisdom of the global open source system. Open source and openness can achieve our mutual integration. Moreover, more and more models will be open source and open, and more models will join the community to adapt to the domestic hardware, so as to establish an open source and open system equivalent to the whole country, so that we can realize the development of mutual assistance and integration based on single mode or multi-mode of Chinese. "

(Editor: Zhang Jingchao Proofreading: Zhai Jun)

Reporting/feedback

Where does the "retirement tide" come from?

  The development of photovoltaic industry in China has a history of more than 10 years. In recent years, with the upgrading of photovoltaic module products and the gradual expiration of the life of some modules, the "retirement tide" of photovoltaic modules is accelerating. How to deal with the massive waste photovoltaic modules? Where did they flow? Has the "last mile" of photovoltaic module recycling and recycling industry chain been opened?

  Wide market development space

  "Last year, only 1,000 tons of waste photovoltaic modules were recycled, and at most 5,000 tons were recycled this year. However, compared with the processing capacity of 20,000 tons at full load, raw material recycling has been in short supply." When interviewed by some waste photovoltaic module recycling enterprises in Jiangsu, the reporter heard the most that the supply of goods was not easy to find and the enterprises were "not enough to eat".

  Jiangsu Changzhou Ruisai Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd. is the first private scientific and technological enterprise specializing in the dismantling technology of scrapped photovoltaic modules in China. The enterprise has participated in the formulation of almost all standards of photovoltaic recycling industry, but the recycling business of the company’s scrapped photovoltaic modules has not been large. During this time, Zhuang Huliang, the company’s deputy general manager, has been calling for establishing and improving the entry threshold and industry norms for photovoltaic module recycling and reuse.

  "The main components of photovoltaic modules, such as glass, aluminum frame, welding tape and battery chips, are all recyclable resources. Waste photovoltaic modules can be dismantled by physical methods, chemical methods, pyrolysis methods and other technical paths, but at the same time each method will have different ‘ Three wastes ’ Produce. If the used photovoltaic modules do not flow to the formal disposal and utilization units, it will not only be detrimental to the recycling of resources, but also cause greater environmental pollution hazards. " Zhuang Huliang said that in the early stage of its development, the emerging solid waste recycling industry will have a period of disorderly competition, and the photovoltaic recycling industry is no exception. But obviously, the shorter the disorderly competition period, the more favorable it is for the high-quality development of the photovoltaic recycling industry, and the smaller the negative impact on the ecological environment. Only by recycling waste photovoltaic modules and utilizing this "last mile" mark of photovoltaic industry chain can we truly realize the green closed-loop and high-quality recycling of photovoltaic industry.

  The service life of solar photovoltaic modules can generally reach more than 25 years. At present, photovoltaic technology is developing rapidly, and many owners of photovoltaic power generation projects are considering replacing photovoltaic modules with higher conversion efficiency in advance (the power generation of products with the same area in 2023 is about twice that of products in 2008).

  In the field of photovoltaic module recycling, Jiangsu is very representative. Fan Guoyuan, secretary-general of Jiangsu Photovoltaic Industry Association, said that the world’s photovoltaics look at China and China’s photovoltaics look at Jiangsu. China is one of the countries that developed the photovoltaic industry earlier in the world. As early as 2009, Jiangsu introduced the photovoltaic power generation support policy and started the construction of photovoltaic power plants. At present, the total installed capacity is close to 30GW, ranking first in the country. With the passage of the service life of photovoltaic panels and the iterative upgrading of new products, Jiangsu will usher in the "iterative tide" of photovoltaic panels around 2025 and the "retirement tide" after 2030.

  "At present, the volume of waste photovoltaic modules on the market is gradually increasing, and the recycling of photovoltaic modules will become the next blue ocean in the field of new energy. However, the photovoltaic module recycling track has not released much market dividend, because a considerable number of waste photovoltaic modules have not entered the compliance enterprises for recycling, decomposition and reuse." Fan Guoyuan said that there are three conventional disposal methods for waste photovoltaic modules: one is to use them after degradation or repair; Second, the valuable part is extracted by disassembly, and the rest is discarded, but it will have adverse effects on the environment; Third, entrust a professional component recycling enterprise with professional environmental protection qualification to extract aluminum, silver, silicon and glass by scientific and technological means for recycling. Among them, the use of scientific and technological means is the most green and low-carbon scientific method for recycling waste photovoltaic modules.

  The recovery treatment pressure is high.

  "We found that waste photovoltaic modules mainly flow to small workshops such as small and micro enterprises and self-employed. They disassemble and sell valuable parts such as aluminum alloys, and the rest are disposed of by stacking, landfill or incineration, with little environmental cost." Zhangxin, R&D director of Yicheng Xinneng (Suzhou) Technology Co., Ltd., which specializes in developing complete solutions for recycling used photovoltaic modules, found that many small workshops are very attractive in the recycling price of used photovoltaic modules because there is no environmental protection treatment.

  Zhangxin calculated an account for the reporter, because silver can be extracted from waste photovoltaic modules, the recycling price of a piece of waste photovoltaic modules with aluminum alloy frame has surpassed that of 55 yuan, and the recycling cost will rise to more than 80 yuan, and the recycling price of a ton of waste photovoltaic modules with frames has soared to 3,000 yuan, far exceeding the affordability of enterprises. "The extensive refining method of small workshops does not consider environmental protection costs at all, so there is still room for profit. In contrast, if regular enterprises recycle at this price, they will lose 100%." Zhangxin said.

  "Photovoltaic module waste contains valuable resources such as silicon, silver and copper, as well as harmful substances such as lead, antimony, cadmium and fluorine. Extensive incineration and stacking will not only reuse some valuable resources, but also have a harmful impact on the environment. " Fan Guoyuan said that the extensive recycling model not only caused serious pollution to the environment, but also caused bad money to drive out good money. The reason for this situation is that the definition of the nature of waste photovoltaic modules is not clear. During the recycling process from scrapping to dismantling, decomposition and reuse, there are many gaps in technology, standards and management policies, and there is a lack of restrictions on policies and standards. At the same time, the business model of waste photovoltaic modules is not mature, which hinders the healthy development of photovoltaic industry.

  According to the forecast of China Photovoltaic Industry Association, by 2025, the total number of retired photovoltaic modules in China will reach about 9GW, and the number of retired modules will exceed 2.7GW; in that year; From 2030, the amount of retired photovoltaic modules will increase rapidly, and the retired photovoltaic modules will reach 15GW in that year, and will reach the peak for the first time in 2034. A blue ocean market for recycling waste photovoltaic modules with a level of 100 billion yuan is accelerating.

  Zhangqin, a professor at the School of Economics and Management of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics who has been engaged in research on the development of photovoltaic industry all the year round, said in an interview that most of the materials of used photovoltaic modules can be recycled, which is a huge emerging market, but the market is still in the primary development stage, and problems such as access threshold and imperfect industry norms need to be solved urgently.

  The policy system needs to be improved

  In January this year, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other six departments issued the "Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Development of Energy Electronics Industry", further demanding that the traceability system of photovoltaic supply chain be accelerated, and emphasizing the promotion of R&D and industrial application of photovoltaic module recycling technology. The Case Interpretation of the Implementation Plan for Promoting the High-quality Development of New Energy in the New Era recently issued by the National Energy Administration also proposes to vigorously promote the development of retired wind turbines, photovoltaic module recycling technology and related industrial chains.

  "At the policy level, more and more attention has been paid to the recycling of photovoltaic modules, and the pace of formulating special policies for the recycling of used photovoltaic modules is gradually accelerating. At present, the Jiangsu Photovoltaic Industry Association is entrusted by the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology to carry out research projects on the recycling, utilization and countermeasures of solar photovoltaic modules, focusing on the recycling technology and policies of photovoltaic waste components, so as to protect the healthy development of the photovoltaic industry in Jiangsu. " Fan Guoyuan said.

  Driven by the goal of "double carbon", green and low-carbon circular economy has become an important strategy for China’s economic and social development, and the recovery and treatment of waste photovoltaic modules is an important part of the development of circular economy in photovoltaic industry.

  Zhuang Huliang said that after years of scientific research, development and innovation accumulation, the company has reserved a number of technologies, and participated in the formulation of the national standard "Physical Law on Recycling Methods of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules", the group standard "Guide to Scrapping of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules" and "Accounting for Carbon Emissions from Recycling and Utilization of Retired Photovoltaic Modules". I believe that with the unification of industry standards, enterprises will contribute more to the green closed-loop and high-quality recycling development of photovoltaic new energy industry.

  "With the increasing volume of the photovoltaic module recycling market, photovoltaic recycling should be included in the overall planning of resource recycling and new energy industry development, and the system of photovoltaic module recycling standard system, responsible subject and production responsibility should be established and improved." Zhangqin suggested that at present, with the development of digital technology in full swing, photovoltaic module recycling should build a photovoltaic module recycling network platform through digital means, improve the traceability of photovoltaic module recycling, realize the whole process tracking from production to recycling, and use "internet plus" to help the healthy and orderly development of photovoltaic recycling industry. Promote the formation of a market order led by the government and the responsibility of enterprises, extend the social responsibility chain of photovoltaic enterprises, establish a subsidy mechanism for the development of photovoltaic module recycling industry, and improve the enthusiasm of enterprises to participate in photovoltaic module recycling.

Verify the third-party measurement of ultra-quiet tire Goodyear Royal Ride

Imperial ride; Head figure

Foreword:
   In the last tire evaluation, we brought you the dry ground test of Bridgestone’s top running tire S001, which made you appreciate the strong performance of a top running tire. However, for ordinary car owners, in addition to the grip, the mute performance is also a key indicator for choosing tires. As early as the release of Imperial Ride at the end of July, we had already experienced the performance of Imperial Ride at Zhuhai Circuit, but it was only a short test drive and we could not fully understand the performance of Imperial Ride. In this tire test, we found four Goodyear royal tires, and we want to measure the performance and mute ability of this self-proclaimed quietest tire in history through professional instruments.

Related links about Yu Cheng:

Imperial ride
Imperial ride

Vehicles and environment tested:
    We borrowed a BMW 3 Series 318 E46, and its 2.0L natural inspiratory energy output is 105kw, which is 200Nm. The test site is a newly paved two-way two-lane asphalt pavement. The distance between piles and cylinders tested around piles is 18m. The noise test section is asphalt pavement with few vehicles.

60km/h test around piles:

Imperial ride; Around the pile

    The speed of entering the pile barrel area is 60km/h during the test around the pile. We use a special acceleration measuring instrument to measure the lateral acceleration of the vehicle around the pile to observe whether the tire slips and its maximum lateral grip.

Imperial ride; Around the pile

    From the data chart of lateral acceleration around the pile, we can see that the maximum acceleration that Goodyear Royal Ride can get when it is around the pile is 0.989G, and there is no lateral acceleration fluctuation when the curve peak area is seriously skidded. However, the lateral acceleration limit of an energy-saving tire of a certain brand is slightly lower, and the maximum acceleration can only reach 0.879G, and the lateral acceleration fluctuation caused by slipping appears in the peak area of the curve. Except for the old and new differences between the two sets of tires (the energy-saving tire of the original car has just been replaced for one month, and the tread thickness is far from reaching the wear limit; The Imperial Ride is a new tire), and the dry handling ability of the Imperial Ride is better than that of the energy-saving tire used for comparison.

Imperial ride; Shoulder; Softer

    In terms of driving experience, when we first got on the bus, we have noticed that the tire has a noticeable deformation with the increase of the load of the car. This is caused by the soft shoulder of the royal tire (see the picture above). We can clearly perceive this when we feel the hardness of the shoulder with our hands when the rim is not assembled. The softer shoulder allows the whole tire to deform to a certain extent to absorb the vibration, thus making the driver feel that the tire is softer and more comfortable when driving. We also tested the limit of the imperial car around the pile. The imperial car won’t slip when it doesn’t touch the limit area around the pile, but when it reaches the limit, it will slip immediately and grab the ground again in a short time (several hundred milliseconds). It feels a little longer from slipping to grabbing the ground again, which is easier to detect. Of course, the average car owner will not go around the pile like us, let alone find the limit point when going around the pile like us. The dry land performance of Yu Cheng is excellent for its positioning.

six0km/h acceleration and braking test:

Imperial ride; apply the brakes

    The 60km/h acceleration and braking test are combined, and we record the longitudinal acceleration, acceleration time and braking distance of the car body during the whole process. Accelerated Start We use the catapult start mode (this 3 Series E46 is an automatic gear), step on the brake and accelerate at full throttle. When the speed reaches 3000 rpm, release the brake and the vehicle will eject like a bullet. Some netizens questioned whether there was no such car. When we test, we step on the brake and accelerate at full throttle, and the speed will rise from 1000 rpm to 3000 rpm, and we can’t continue to increase it. This is obviously because the DSC dynamic stability system and DME management system limit the power output. We guess that BMW’s on-board computer has been able to identify this catapult starting mode and make some restrictions and optimizations.

Imperial ride; tyre

    There is no noticeable slip in both sets of tires, but there is still a difference in data. Goodyear Royal Ride can achieve 0.567G longitudinal acceleration at the beginning, while the energy-saving tires of the original car can only provide 0.455G acceleration. The test data of the energy-saving tires of the original car also showed that there was jitter in the peak acceleration area, which also proved that there was slippage at that time. In contrast, the imperial ride is better in longitudinal grip.
    In the emergency braking test data, we can see that both tires skidded to a certain extent during emergency braking. The maximum acceleration of the original set of tires was slightly higher than that of Imperial Ride for the first time, but Imperial Ride could get greater deceleration when it grasped the ground again after skidding. The maximum deceleration of the original energy-saving tire during emergency braking is 1.142G, while the maximum deceleration of the imperial vehicle is 1.264G g.

Imperial ride; test

    Because of its higher longitudinal grip performance, the acceleration time and braking distance of the royal ride are faster, but the difference is not obvious.

60-80km/h noise test:

Imperial ride

    We use a noise meter to measure the tire noise when the vehicle is running at a speed of 60-80 km/h. As can be seen from the overlay below, the dark noise curve of Royal Ride is lower than that of another set of energy-saving tires, which is about 1-2 decibels lower on average. Considering the road conditions, we didn’t conduct a higher-speed noise test. What is the effect of noise reduction level of 1-2 decibels? We can explain here that if there is a noise reduction of 3 decibels, people can clearly distinguish the difference in noise volume, so a noise reduction of 1-2 decibels can be perceived. Of course, the higher the speed, the more obvious the difference in noise reduction performance of tires. Soft tread and shoulder also "enhance" the noise reduction effect of Yu Cheng from the driving experience.

Imperial ride

Temperature hardness test before and after test:

Imperial ride Imperial ride

Imperial ride; Temperature; hardness

    We have also tested the temperature and hardness of different tires before. In contrast, the tread material of Yuchai is soft, and the temperature rise of the tire is low after the test. Soft tread has better comfort, while less temperature rise enhances its energy-saving effect. We are satisfied with the temperature rise and ride comfort of the Royal Tire before and after the test. Royal ride is quite competent as a comfortable and energy-saving tire.

More test pictures:

Imperial ride; Tires; Testing; BMW; E46 32455345
Imperial ride; Tires; Testing; BMW; E46 Imperial ride; Tires; Testing; BMW; E46
Imperial ride; Tires; Testing; BMW; E46 Imperial ride; Tires; Testing; BMW; E46

More related links:
Experience the Top Performance Bridgestone S001 Third Party Testing
Tire replacement instructions and tire selection guide

Summary:
   As a comfortable and energy-saving tire, Imperial Ride has done a good job in comfort and energy saving, and at the same time, it has a good performance in handling. For those of us who have just finished testing a sports tire, we can better understand the comfort of riding. Compared with the comfortable and energy-saving tires of the same grade, Imperial Ride has better handling performance. In terms of cost performance, the market price of Royal Ride is competitive. For those users who are dissatisfied with the noise and comfort of the original tires, Goodyear Royal Ride is a good choice.

Why should traffic be distinguished between local and national? After reading this, I completely understand.

Traffic is undoubtedly the most tangled thing for everyone to use mobile phones. No one can do without it, but it costs a lot of money every month, especially the various settings of operators are a headache.

For example, traffic can be divided into local traffic and national traffic. The former is cheap but often inexhaustible, while the latter is rarely enough but expensive. Some people even deduct the national traffic first and then the local traffic.

In particular, voice roaming charges will be cancelled soon, so why should traffic roam? How good the national price is.

The explanations given by the three major operators are similar. They all say that the network resources in different places are unbalanced and the traffic consumption is different. In order to avoid confusion, only local traffic and national general traffic can be distinguished.

In this regard, senior industry analyst @ Communication Laoliu also made an in-depth interpretation. Let’s take a brief look.

First, the needs of operators according to local conditions

When 3G/4G was first introduced, the operator’s standard packages were actually unified nationwide, all of which were national packages, and the prices were the same, but it was not "fair". For example, the economy of Beishangguang was good and the income was high, and the package was acceptable, but the underdeveloped areas in the central and western regions could not.

In addition, operators are managed at different levels. The group head office is divided into branches in various provinces (municipalities/autonomous regions), and then they go to cities to set up their own products and policies according to the specific conditions of each place, especially the preferential services with local characteristics.

As a result, there are 3G and 4G national packages (the traffic is universal), provincial packages (the preferential traffic can only be used in the province) and local packages (the preferential traffic can only be used in the city).

Second, prevent mobile phone cards from running around the country.

After the cancellation of the voice roaming fee, there is no difference between users answering calls anywhere in China and local ones, but at the operator level, mobile phone numbers are still managed in different regions.

Doing so can effectively standardize the business development of local operators and facilitate the statistics of local performance, which is determined by the management system of operators.

Under such a system, mobile phone cards from all over the country are not allowed to wander around the country, otherwise it will lead to management confusion, and the existence of long-distance and roaming is also to avoid cross-card.

If the roaming of traffic is also cancelled and turned into national traffic, then the cards in areas with low tariffs will go to places with high tariffs, which will lead to imbalance and infighting in the business development of local operators, which is also not conducive to the improvement of service level.

So, will traffic "roaming" be cancelled in the future?

The answer is yes, but it is estimated that it will take another two or three years.

In 2014-2016, the average traffic price of each operator decreased by more than 60%. In the future, with the further price reduction of national packages and traffic packages, it can meet the needs of users in most regions. When there is basically no difference between local and national traffic, there will naturally be no more traffic roaming.

What is the way to "stay" in Tianshui Mala Tang, which is "greedy over the whole network"?

  Xinhua News Agency, Lanzhou, March 17 (Reporter Wang Zixuan, Wen Jing) In the streets and lanes, people from all over the world either sit or stand in long lines; In the small courtyard, the string of "holding flowers" held high outlined the "fresh fragrance" of spring scenery in front of the stalls. The locals passing by were flattered and sighed: "The last time there were so many people in Tianshui, it was the time when Zhuge Liang conquered Jiang Wei in the Northern Expedition!"

What is the way to "stay" in Tianshui Mala Tang, which is "greedy over the whole network"?

  In a small courtyard in Qinzhou District, Tianshui City, tourists hold a string of "flowers" above their heads and queue up in an orderly manner to taste mala Tang. Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang Zixuan photo

  Tianshui City, Gansu Province is near the Qinling Mountains and Weihe River. According to the introduction of relevant departments in Tianshui, Tianshui has a history of more than 8,000 years of civilization origin, with cultural labels such as the birthplace of Fuxi, the ancestor of Chinese culture, Dadiwan culture, the earliest feudal city of Qin people, the ancient battlefield of the Three Kingdoms, and Maijishan Grottoes, the "Oriental Sculpture Exhibition Hall". Recently, a bowl of mala Tang made this small town in the northwest jump to the topic of "C" on the whole network.

  At 6 o’clock in the morning, there was a long queue in the small courtyard next to the Confucian Temple in Qinzhou District, Tianshui City. In the popular "punch-in point" Haiying Mala Tang Restaurant, more than 10 shop assistants are busy cutting vegetables and stringing vegetables. "Now more than 700 people are received every day, and supper is a dinner." The proprietress Ha Haiying said in a hoarse voice.

  In the face of a steady stream of customers, Ha Haiying is as busy as other mala Tang shops in the small courtyard. "We have been opening a store for more than 20 years. It is a local people from snacks to big old brands, and the ingredients have been optimized." She said that the explosion was unexpected and reasonable.

What is the way to "stay" in Tianshui Mala Tang, which is "greedy over the whole network"?

  At a mala Tang stall in Qinzhou District, Tianshui City, the staff are cooking "before opening the bow". Xinhua News Agency reporter Wen Jing photo

  "This is the soul of Tianshui Mala Tang." Ha Haiying pointed to the fragrant ingredients on the operating table: "The pepper planting in Gangu County of Tianshui City has a long history, and the spicy oil is red and bright, spicy and fragrant. Coupled with the local fresh and hemp pepper, the unique sauce can’t be fragrant when poured! "

  "The ingredients are also special." Hu Xiaoyu, the proprietress of another mala Tang restaurant, pointed to the most popular "single product" potato balls and hand-rolled powder and said, "This is a home-cooked food that Tianshui people have fried and rolled for generations. The balls are crisp and the noodles are smooth, which is hard to eat in other places."

What is the way to "stay" in Tianshui Mala Tang, which is "greedy over the whole network"?

  In the center of a yard in Qinzhou District, Tianshui City, tourists took photos while tasting mala Tang. Xinhua News Agency reporter Wen Jing photo

  "Thanks to netizens, it’s really delicious." After queuing for three hours, Cao Jing, a post-90s girl from Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, was satisfied with the delicious food she was thinking about. "Before surfing the Internet, 8 of the 10 videos recommended Tianshui Mala Tang, and it was too bad to come." Cao Jing said that nowadays, various social platforms have become an important channel for young people to "ponder".

  The network promotes the "explosive" spread of local food culture, and also brings a "feast" of cultural travel in many directions. At the scene, many people held their mobile phones high, including locals who promoted Gansu’s special products and scenic spots, and foreign tourists who were thinking about going back to open branches after trying new products and exploring stores. In the live broadcast rooms, netizens all over the country kept brushing the screen: "Gansu, how many surprises do you have?"

What is the way to "stay" in Tianshui Mala Tang, which is "greedy over the whole network"?

  On the street side of Qinzhou District, Tianshui City, volunteers answered questions for foreign tourists who came to taste Tianshui Mala Tang. Xinhua News Agency reporter Wen Jing photo

  Surprise is not only strength, but also attitude. These days, Tianshui is a "pet powder" in the whole city. Volunteers from communities, streets and universities guard the order and answer questions at the scene. Enterprises and citizens spontaneously send water, food and hand-painted travel guides to the guests. The government strengthens supervision, strictly controls prices, refurbishes roads and revitalizes the city, and opens special lines, parking spots and luggage storage points.

  Outside the yard, Li Yan, a 25-year-old girl from Northeast China, waited with her luggage: "I got off the high-speed train and took the’ Mala Tang Special Line’ bus. It was a good experience." Li Yan feels that the popularity of a city must not rely solely on food, but also on the charm of local culture and services. "After eating mala Tang, I plan to go to Fuxi Temple and Maijishan to get to know the real Tianshui."

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Weifang version of the three fold, how to fold, there are faces!

"Three folds have faces, no matter how they are folded"

This recent Huawei mobile phone advertisement

It can be described as a hot stem with a catchy mouth and a head.

/

It means that no matter how folded.

Can show unique advantages and excellent side.

After the fire came out of the circle, different versions of "three folds" were derived.

Weifang

A famous historical and cultural city

A city of modern vitality

No matter how you fold it, there are faces.

~

The mountains in Weifang have a long context.

In the 10th and 16th dynasties, Emperor Dengfeng named Yishan, the "head of five towns".

Yunmen Mountain, a fairyland on earth.

Yangtian Mountain, the world’s first echo wall

It is the starting point of poetry and distance.

The sea in Weifang is open and romantic.

Overlooking the Bohai Bay, where there are vast waves of smoke.

Blue sea, blue sky and white waves on the beach near Happy Sea.

Catch the sea and pick up shells on the 10 thousand-meter beach

Listen to the singing of the waves

The river in Weifang is full of tender feelings.

A Weihe River gurgled from ancient times.

Become the "mother river" of Weifang.

Weihe River and Bailang River are famous for their broad minds

Nourishes the land of Weifang endlessly.

"Shouguang in the Universe" is the hometown of vegetables in China.

"Hermes in Radish" Weixian Radish

"The first melon in China" Qingzhou Yingua

……

A number of geographical indication products are hot out of the circle.

Meat with crispy outside and fragrant inside is on fire.

A steaming cauldron

Chicken, duck and music with mellow taste

……

It’s a feast of taste buds, and it’s also a human fireworks.

Hengshengzhai, Xinchang Pastry, Longsheng Pastry

……

Numerous time-honored cake pu

Become the hometown flavor that Weifang people care about.

Inheriting ingenuity is both culture and homesickness.

In the Zheng Banqiao Memorial Hall

Listen to the rustling bamboo sound in Zheng Banqiao.

Zhucheng chaoran taishang

Looking back at Su Dongpo’s chanting of the eternal moon

Zhenggongcili

Exploring the legendary life of Zheng Xuan, a master of Confucian classics.

……

Punch in the "Lu Dongming Pearl" Shijiuyuan Museum

Feel the poetic style of northern gardens

At the World Kite Museum

Get a close look at the kite culture of 2000 years.

At Qingzhou Museum

Look at the most beautiful oriental smile

……

Every fold has a face.

How to fold has a self-consistent logic.

Beauty is not self-beauty, but shows itself in people.

Huaijing, Nostalgia and Huaiwei

There is a deep connection and fetter between the three.

Weifang Edition Triple Folding

Waiting for you to turn it over ~

Source: Wenlv Weifang